Sealing member for prosthetic heart valve

ABSTRACT

An implantable prosthetic valve can include an annular frame comprising an inflow end and an outflow end and being radially collapsible and expandable between a radially collapsed configuration and a radially expanded configuration. A leaflet structure can be positioned within the frame and secured thereto. An annular sealing member can be positioned around an outer surface of the frame, wherein the sealing member has a periodic, undulating shape. An outer skirt can be positioned around an outer surface of the sealing member and secured to the frame.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/556,219, filed Sep. 8, 2017, which is incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to implantable, expandable prosthetic devices and to methods and apparatuses for such prosthetic devices.

BACKGROUND

The human heart can suffer from various valvular diseases. These valvular diseases can result in significant malfunctioning of the heart and ultimately require replacement of the native valve with an artificial valve. There are a number of known artificial valves and a number of known methods of implanting these artificial valves in humans. Because of the drawbacks associated with conventional open-heart surgery, percutaneous and minimally-invasive surgical approaches are garnering intense attention. In one technique, a prosthetic valve is configured to be implanted in a much less invasive procedure by way of catheterization. For example, collapsible transcatheter prosthetic heart valves can be crimped to a compressed state and percutaneously introduced in the compressed state on a catheter and expanded to a functional size at the desired position by balloon inflation or by utilization of a self-expanding frame or stent.

A prosthetic valve for use in such a procedure can include a radially collapsible and expandable frame to which leaflets of the prosthetic valve can be coupled. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,730,118, 7,393,360, 7,510,575, 7,993,394, and 9,393,110, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, describe exemplary collapsible and expandable transcatheter prosthetic heart valves.

The prosthetic valve can be percutaneously introduced in a collapsed configuration on a catheter and expanded in the desired position by balloon inflation, mechanical expansion, or by utilization of a self-expanding frame or stent. A challenge in catheter-implanted prosthetic valves is control of perivalvular leakage around the valve, which can occur for a period of time following initial implantation. An additional challenge includes the process of crimping such a prosthetic valve to a profile suitable for percutaneous delivery to a patient.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of a radially collapsible and expandable prosthetic valve are disclosed herein that include an improved outer sealing member for reducing perivalvular leakage, as well as related methods and apparatuses including such prosthetic valves. In several embodiments, the disclosed prosthetic valves are configured as replacement heart valves for implantation into a subject.

In one representative embodiment, an implantable prosthetic valve can comprise an annular frame, a leaflet structure positioned within the frame and secured thereto, an annular sealing member positioned around an outer surface of the frame, and an outer skirt positioned around an outer surface of the sealing member and secured to the frame. The annular frame can comprise an inflow end and an outflow end and can be radially collapsible and expandable between a radially collapsed configuration and a radially expanded configuration. The annular sealing member can have a periodic, undulating shape.

In some embodiments, the sealing member can be secured directly to the frame.

In some embodiments, the sealing member can be secured to an inner surface of the outer skirt.

In some embodiments, the sealing member can have a zig-zag shape.

In some embodiments, the sealing member can comprise a plurality of first angled portions having a first orientation with respect to the frame and a plurality of second angled portions having a second orientation with respect to the frame. Each first angled portion can be connected to a second angled portion at an apex such that there is an angle between each first angled portion and a connected second angled portion.

In some embodiments, at least one of the apices can have a relatively pointed edge.

In some embodiments, at least one of the apices can have a rounded edge.

In some embodiments, the angle can be less than 90 degrees.

In some embodiments, the angle can be greater than 90 degrees.

In some embodiments, the angled can be 90 degrees.

In some embodiments, the outer skirt can have a plurality of openings.

In some embodiments, the openings can be axially aligned with the apices.

In another representative embodiment, an implantable prosthetic valve can comprise an annular frame, a leaflet structure positioned within the frame and secured thereto, an outer skirt positioned around an outer surface of the frame and secured thereto, and an annular sealing member positioned around an outer surface of the outer skirt and secured thereto. The annular frame can comprise an inflow end and an outflow end and can be radially collapsible and expandable between a radially collapsed configuration and a radially expanded configuration.

In some embodiments, the sealing member can have a zig-zag shape.

In some embodiments, the sealing member can comprise a plurality of first angled portions having a first orientation with respect to the frame and a plurality of second angled portions having a second orientation with respect to the frame. Each first angled portion can be connected to a second angled portion at an apex such that there is an angle between each first angled portion and a connected second angled portion.

In some embodiments, at least one of the apices can have a relatively pointed edge.

In some embodiments, at least one of the apices can have a rounded edge.

In some embodiments, the angle can be less than 90 degrees.

In some embodiments, the angled can be greater than 90 degrees.

In some embodiments, the angled can be 90 degrees.

In some embodiments, the outer skirt can have a plurality of openings.

In some embodiments, the openings can be axially aligned with the apices.

In another representative embodiment, an implantable prosthetic valve can comprise an annular frame, a leaflet structure positioned within the frame and secured thereto, and an annular sealing member positioned around and conforming to an outer surface of the frame. The annular frame can comprise an inflow end and an outflow end and can be radially collapsible and expandable between a radially collapsed configuration and a radially expanded configuration. The annular sealing member can have a plurality of openings.

In some embodiments, the sealing member can comprise a plurality of circumferentially extending rows of openings.

In some embodiments, the sealing member can comprise a first row of openings and a second row of openings that is axially offset from the first row of openings.

In some embodiments, at least one of the openings can have a hexagonal shape.

In some embodiments, at least one of the openings can have a diamond shape.

In another representative embodiment, an implantable prosthetic valve can comprise an annular frame, a leaflet structure positioned within the frame and secured thereto, and an annular sealing member positioned around an outer surface of the frame. The annular frame can comprise an inflow end and an outflow end and can be radially collapsible and expandable between a radially collapsed configuration and a radially expanded configuration. The sealing member can comprise a plurality of first angled portions and a plurality of second angled portions such that the first and second angled portions form a plurality of v-shaped projections.

In some embodiments, the prosthetic valve can further comprise a plurality of straight first connecting portions extending between adjacent pairs of v-shaped projections at the bases of the first and second angled portions.

In some embodiments, the prosthetic valve can further comprise a plurality of straight second connecting portions extending between the first and second angled portions of each v-shaped projection.

In some embodiments, the second connecting portions can be axially offset from the first connecting portions.

In another representative embodiment, an implantable prosthetic valve can comprise an annular frame, a leaflet structure position3ed within the frame and secured thereto, and an annular sealing member positioned around an outer surface of the frame. The annular frame can comprise an inflow end and an outflow end and can be radially collapsible and expandable between a radially collapsed configuration and a radially expanded configuration. The sealing member can have an undulating shape comprising three u-shaped sections, wherein each u-shaped section can circumscribe the frame through an angle of about 120 degrees.

In some embodiments, the leaflet structure can comprise three leaflets and the u-shaped sections can follow the shape of the inflow edges of the leaflets.

The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the disclosure will become more apparent from the following detailed description, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1-3 show an exemplary embodiment of a prosthetic heart valve.

FIGS. 4-10 show an exemplary frame of the prosthetic heart valve of FIG. 1.

FIGS. 11-12 show an exemplary inner skirt of the prosthetic heart valve of FIG. 1.

FIG. 13 shows the prosthetic heart valve of FIG. 1 in a collapsed configuration and mounted on an exemplary balloon catheter.

FIGS. 14-16 show the assembly of the inner skirt of FIG. 11 with the frame of FIG. 4.

FIGS. 17-18 show the assembly of an exemplary leaflet structure.

FIG. 19 shows the assembly of commissure portions of the leaflet structure with window frame portions of the frame.

FIGS. 20-21 show the assembly of the leaflet structure with the inner skirt along a lower edge of the leaflets.

FIG. 22 shows an exemplary embodiment of a prosthetic heart valve in an expanded configuration.

FIG. 23 shows another exemplary embodiment of a prosthetic heart valve in an expanded configuration.

FIG. 24 shows another exemplary embodiment of a prosthetic heart valve in an expanded configuration.

FIG. 25 shows an exemplary embodiment of an outer skirt.

FIG. 26 shows an exemplary embodiment of a prosthetic heart valve that uses the outer skirt of FIG. 25.

FIG. 27 shows another exemplary embodiment of an outer skirt.

FIG. 28 shows an exemplary embodiment of a prosthetic heart valve that uses the outer skirt of FIG. 27.

FIGS. 29-32 show exemplary prosthetic heart valves using other exemplary outer sealing members.

FIG. 33 shows another exemplary embodiment of a prosthetic heart valve in an expanded configuration.

FIG. 34 shows an exemplary prosthetic heart valve implanted in the native aortic valve of a patient.

FIG. 35 shows an exemplary prosthetic heart valve and docking device implanted in the pulmonary artery of a patient.

FIG. 36 shows an exemplary prosthetic heart valve and docking device implanted in the native mitral valve of a patient.

FIGS. 37-38 show an alternative embodiment of a docking device for a prosthetic valve.

FIG. 39 shows an exemplary prosthetic heart valve and the docking device of FIGS. 37-38 implanted in the inferior vena cava of a patient.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIGS. 1-3 show various views of a prosthetic heart valve 10, according to one embodiment. The illustrated prosthetic valve is adapted to be implanted in the native aortic annulus, although in other embodiments it can be adapted to be implanted in the other native annuluses of the heart (e.g., the pulmonary, mitral, and tricuspid valves). The prosthetic valve can also be adapted to be implanted in other tubular organs or passageways in the body. The prosthetic valve 10 can have four main components: a stent or frame 12, a valvular structure 14, an inner skirt 16, and a perivalvular sealing means or sealing member. The prosthetic valve 10 can have an inflow end portion 15, an intermediate portion 17, and an outflow end portion 19. In the illustrated embodiment, the perivalvular sealing means comprises an outer skirt 18 (which can also be referred to as an outer sealing member).

The valvular structure 14 can comprise three leaflets 41, collectively forming a leaflet structure, which can be arranged to collapse in a tricuspid arrangement, as best shown in FIG. 2. The lower edge of leaflet structure 14 desirably has an undulating, curved scalloped shape (suture line 154 shown in FIG. 21 tracks the scalloped shape of the leaflet structure). By forming the leaflets with this scalloped geometry, stresses on the leaflets are reduced, which in turn improves durability of the prosthetic valve. Moreover, by virtue of the scalloped shape, folds and ripples at the belly of each leaflet (the central region of each leaflet), which can cause early calcification in those areas, can be eliminated or at least minimized. The scalloped geometry also reduces the amount of tissue material used to form leaflet structure, thereby allowing a smaller, more even crimped profile at the inflow end of the prosthetic valve. The leaflets 41 can be formed of pericardial tissue (e.g., bovine pericardial tissue), biocompatible synthetic materials, or various other suitable natural or synthetic materials as known in the art and described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,730,118, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.

The bare frame 12 is shown in FIG. 4. The frame 12 can be formed with a plurality of circumferentially spaced slots, or commissure windows, 20 (three in the illustrated embodiment) that are adapted to connect to the commissures of the valvular structure 14 to the frame, as described in greater detail below. The frame 12 can be made of any of various suitable plastically-expandable materials (e.g., stainless steel, etc.) or self-expanding materials (e.g., nickel titanium alloy (NiTi), such as nitinol). When constructed of a plastically-expandable material, the frame 12 (and thus the prosthetic valve 10) can be crimped to a radially collapsed configuration on a delivery catheter and then expanded inside a patient by an inflatable balloon or equivalent expansion mechanism. When constructed of a self-expandable material, the frame 12 (and thus the prosthetic valve 10) can be crimped to a radially collapsed configuration and restrained in the collapsed configuration by insertion into a sheath or equivalent mechanism of a delivery catheter. Once inside the body, the prosthetic valve can be advanced from the delivery sheath, which allows the prosthetic valve to expand to its functional size.

Suitable plastically-expandable materials that can be used to form the frame 12 include, without limitation, stainless steel, a biocompatible, high-strength alloys (e.g., a cobalt-chromium or a nickel-cobalt-chromium alloys), polymers, or combinations thereof. In particular embodiments, frame 12 is made of a nickel-cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy, such as MP35N® alloy (SPS Technologies, Jenkintown, Pa.), which is equivalent to UNS R30035 alloy (covered by ASTM F562-02). MP35N® alloy/UNS R30035 alloy comprises 35% nickel, 35% cobalt, 20% chromium, and 10% molybdenum, by weight. When MP35N® alloy is used as the frame material, as compared to stainless steel, less material is needed to achieve the same or better performance in radial and crush force resistance, fatigue resistances, and corrosion resistance. Moreover, since less material is required, the crimped profile of the frame can be reduced, thereby providing a lower profile prosthetic valve assembly for percutaneous delivery to the treatment location in the body.

Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5, the frame 12 in the illustrated embodiment comprises a first, lower row I of angled struts 22 arranged end-to-end and extending circumferentially at the inflow end of the frame; a second row II of circumferentially extending, angled struts 24; a third row III of circumferentially extending, angled struts 26; a fourth row IV of circumferentially extending, angled struts 28; and a fifth row V of circumferentially extending, angled struts 32 at the outflow end of the frame. A plurality of substantially straight axially extending struts 34 can be used to interconnect the struts 22 of the first row I with the struts 24 of the second row II. The fifth row V of angled struts 32 are connected to the fourth row IV of angled struts 28 by a plurality of axially extending window frame portions 30 (which define the commissure windows 20) and a plurality of axially extending struts 31. Each axial strut 31 and each frame portion 30 extends from a location defined by the convergence of the lower ends of two angled struts 32 to another location defined by the convergence of the upper ends of two angled struts 28. FIGS. 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 are enlarged views of the portions of the frame 12 identified by letters A, B, C, D, and E, respectively, in FIG. 5.

Each commissure window frame portion 30 connects to a respective commissure of the leaflet structure 14. As can be seen each frame portion 30 is secured at its upper and lower ends to the adjacent rows of struts to provide a robust configuration that enhances fatigue resistance under cyclic loading of the prosthetic valve compared to cantilevered struts for supporting the commissures of the leaflet structure. This configuration enables a reduction in the frame wall thickness to achieve a smaller crimped diameter of the prosthetic valve. In particular embodiments, the thickness T of the frame 12 (FIG. 4) measured between the inner diameter and outer diameter is about 0.48 mm or less.

The struts and frame portions of the frame collectively define a plurality of open cells of the frame. At the inflow end of the frame 12, struts 22, struts 24, and struts 34 define a lower row of cells defining openings 36. The second, third, and fourth rows of struts 24, 26, and 28 define two intermediate rows of cells defining openings 38. The fourth and fifth rows of struts 28 and 32, along with frame portions 30 and struts 31, define an upper row of cells defining openings 40. The openings 40 are relatively large and are sized to allow portions of the leaflet structure 14 to protrude, or bulge, into and/or through the openings 40 when the frame 12 is crimped in order to minimize the crimping profile.

As best shown in FIG. 7, the lower end of the strut 31 is connected to two struts 28 at a node or junction 44, and the upper end of the strut 31 is connected to two struts 32 at a node or junction 46. The strut 31 can have a thickness S1 that is less than the thicknesses S2 of the junctions 44, 46. The junctions 44, 46, along with junctions 64, prevent full closure of openings 40. FIG. 13 shows the prosthetic valve 10 crimped on a balloon catheter. As can be seen, the geometry of the struts 31, and junctions 44, 46, and 64 assists in creating enough space in openings 40 in the collapsed configuration to allow portions of the prosthetic leaflets to protrude or bulge outwardly through openings. This allows the prosthetic valve to be crimped to a relatively smaller diameter than if all of the leaflet material were constrained within the crimped frame.

The frame 12 is configured to reduce, to prevent, or to minimize possible over-expansion of the prosthetic valve at a predetermined balloon pressure, especially at the outflow end portion of the frame, which supports the leaflet structure 14. In one aspect, the frame is configured to have relatively larger angles 42 a, 42 b, 42 c, 42 d, 42 e between struts, as shown in FIG. 5. The larger the angle, the greater the force required to open (expand) the frame. As such, the angles between the struts of the frame can be selected to limit radial expansion of the frame at a given opening pressure (e.g., inflation pressure of the balloon). In particular embodiments, these angles are at least 110 degrees or greater when the frame is expanded to its functional size, and even more particularly these angles are up to about 120 degrees when the frame is expanded to its functional size.

In addition, the inflow and outflow ends of a frame generally tend to over-expand more so than the middle portion of the frame due to the “dog-boning” effect of the balloon used to expand the prosthetic valve. To protect against over-expansion of the leaflet structure 14, the leaflet structure desirably is secured to the frame 12 below the upper row of struts 32, as best shown in FIG. 1. Thus, in the event that the outflow end of the frame is over-expanded, the leaflet structure is positioned at a level below where over-expansion is likely to occur, thereby protecting the leaflet structure from over-expansion.

In one type of prosthetic valve construction, portions of the leaflets protrude longitudinally beyond the outflow end of the frame when the prosthetic valve is crimped if the leaflets are connected too close to the distal end of the frame. If the delivery catheter on which the crimped prosthetic valve is mounted includes a pushing mechanism or stop member that pushes against or abuts the outflow end of the prosthetic valve (for example, to maintain the position of the crimped prosthetic valve on the delivery catheter), the pushing member or stop member can damage the portions of the exposed leaflets that extend beyond the outflow end of the frame. Another benefit of connecting the leaflets at a location spaced away from the outflow end of the frame is that when the prosthetic valve is crimped on a delivery catheter, the outflow end of the frame 12 rather than the leaflets 41 is the proximal-most component of the prosthetic valve 10. As such, if the delivery catheter includes a pushing mechanism or stop member that pushes against or abuts the outflow end of the prosthetic valve, the pushing mechanism or stop member contacts the outflow end of the frame, and not leaflets 41, so as to avoid damage to the leaflets.

Also, as can be seen in FIG. 5, the openings 36 of the lowermost row of openings in the frame are relatively larger than the openings 38 of the two intermediate rows of openings. This allows the frame, when crimped, to assume an overall tapered shape that tapers from a maximum diameter at the outflow end of the prosthetic valve to a minimum diameter at the inflow end of the prosthetic valve. When crimped, the frame 12 can have a reduced diameter region extending along a portion of the frame adjacent the inflow end of the frame that generally corresponds to the region of the frame covered by the outer skirt 18. In some embodiments, the reduced diameter region is reduced compared to the diameter of the upper portion of the frame (which is not covered by the outer skirt) such that the outer skirt 18 does not increase the overall crimp profile of the prosthetic valve. When the prosthetic valve is deployed, the frame can expand to the generally cylindrical shape shown in FIG. 4. In one example, the frame of a 26-mm prosthetic valve, when crimped, had a first diameter of 14 French at the outflow end of the prosthetic valve and a second diameter of 12 French at the inflow end of the prosthetic valve.

The main functions of the inner skirt 16 are to assist in securing the valvular structure 14 to the frame 12 and to assist in forming a good seal between the prosthetic valve and the native annulus by blocking the flow of blood through the open cells of the frame 12 below the lower edge of the leaflets. The inner skirt 16 desirably comprises a tough, tear resistant material such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), although various other synthetic materials or natural materials (e.g., pericardial tissue) can be used. The thickness of the skirt desirably is less than about 0.15 mm (about 6 mil), and desirably less than about 0.1 mm (about 4 mil), and even more desirably about 0.05 mm (about 2 mil). In particular embodiments, the skirt 16 can have a variable thickness, for example, the skirt can be thicker at least one of its edges than at its center. In one implementation, the skirt 16 can comprise a PET skirt having a thickness of about 0.07 mm at its edges and about 0.06 mm at its center. The thinner skirt can provide for better crimping performances while still providing good sealing.

The skirt 16 can be secured to the inside of frame 12 via sutures 70, as shown in FIG. 21. Valvular structure 14 can be attached to the skirt via one or more reinforcing strips 72 (which collectively can form a sleeve), for example thin, PET reinforcing strips, discussed below, which enables a secure suturing and protects the pericardial tissue of the leaflet structure from tears. Valvular structure 14 can be sandwiched between skirt 16 and the thin PET strips 72 as shown in FIG. 20. Sutures 154, which secure the PET strip and the leaflet structure 14 to skirt 16, can be any suitable suture, such as Ethibond Excel® PET suture (Johnson & Johnson, New Brunswick, N.J.). Sutures 154 desirably track the curvature of the bottom edge of leaflet structure 14, as described in more detail below.

Some fabric skirts comprise a weave of warp and weft fibers that extend perpendicularly to each other and with one set of the fibers extending longitudinally between the upper and lower edges of the skirt. When the metal frame to which such a fabric skirt is secured is radially compressed, the overall axial length of the frame increases. However, a fabric skirt with limited elasticity cannot elongate along with the frame and therefore tends to deform the struts of the frame and to prevent uniform crimping.

Referring to FIG. 12, in one embodiment, the skirt 16 desirably is woven from a first set of fibers, or yarns or strands, 78 and a second set of fibers, or yarns or strands, 80, both of which are non-perpendicular to the upper edge 82 and the lower edge 84 of the skirt. In particular embodiments, the first set of fibers 78 and the second set of fibers 80 extend at angles of about 45 degrees relative to the upper and lower edges 82, 84. Alternatively, the first set of fibers 78 and the second set of fibers 80 extend at angles other than about 45 degrees relative to the upper and lower edges 82, 84, e.g., at angles of 15 and 75 degrees, respectively, or 30 and 60 degrees, respectively, relative to the upper and lower edges 82, 84. In one embodiment, the skirt 16 can be formed by weaving the fibers at 45 degree angles relative to the upper and lower edges of the fabric. Alternatively, the skirt 16 can be diagonally cut (cut on a bias) from a vertically woven fabric (where the fibers extend perpendicularly to the edges of the material) such that the fibers extend at 45 degree angles relative to the cut upper and lower edges of the skirt. As further shown in FIG. 12, the opposing short edges 86, 88 of the skirt desirably are non-perpendicular to the upper and lower edges 82, 84. For example, the short edges 86, 88 desirably extend at angles of about 45 degrees relative to the upper and lower edges and therefore are aligned with the first set of fibers 78. Therefore the overall general shape of the skirt can be that of a rhomboid or parallelogram.

FIGS. 14 and 15 show the inner skirt 16 after opposing short edge portions 90, 92 have been sewn together to form the annular shape of the skirt. As shown, the edge portion 90 can be placed in an overlapping relationship relative to the opposite edge portion 92, and the two edge portions can be sewn together with a diagonally extending suture line 94 that is parallel to short edges 86, 88. The upper edge portion of the inner skirt 16 can be formed with a plurality of projections 96 that define an undulating shape that generally follows the shape or contour of the fourth row of struts 28 immediately adjacent the lower ends of axial struts 31. In this manner, as best shown in FIG. 16, the upper edge of the inner skirt 16 can be tightly secured to struts 28 with sutures 70. The inner skirt 16 can also be formed with slits 98 to facilitate attachment of the skirt to the frame. Slits 98 can be dimensioned so as to allow an upper edge portion of the inner skirt 16 to be partially wrapped around struts 28 and to reduce stresses in the skirt during the attachment procedure. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the inner skirt 16 is placed on the inside of frame 12 and an upper edge portion of the skirt is wrapped around the upper surfaces of struts 28 and secured in place with sutures 70. Wrapping the upper edge portion of the inner skirt 16 around struts 28 in this manner provides for a stronger and more durable attachment of the skirt to the frame. The inner skirt 16 can also be secured to the first, second, and/or third rows of struts 22, 24, and 26, respectively, with sutures 70.

Referring again to FIG. 12, due to the angled orientation of the fibers relative to the upper and lower edges in this embodiment, the skirt can undergo greater elongation in the axial direction (i.e., in a direction from the upper edge 82 to the lower edge 84).

Thus, when the metal frame 12 is crimped (as shown in FIG. 13), the inner skirt 16 can elongate in the axial direction along with the frame and therefore provide a more uniform and predictable crimping profile. Each cell of the metal frame in the illustrated embodiment includes at least four angled struts that rotate towards the axial direction on crimping (e.g., the angled struts become more aligned with the length of the frame). The angled struts of each cell function as a mechanism for rotating the fibers of the skirt in the same direction of the struts, allowing the skirt to elongate along the length of the struts. This allows for greater elongation of the skirt and avoids undesirable deformation of the struts when the prosthetic valve is crimped.

In addition, the spacing between the woven fibers or yarns can be increased to facilitate elongation of the skirt in the axial direction. For example, for a PET inner skirt 16 formed from 20-denier yarn, the yarn density can be about 15% to about 30% lower than in a typical PET skirt. In some examples, the yarn spacing of the inner skirt 16 can be from about 60 yarns per cm (about 155 yarns per inch) to about 70 yarns per cm (about 180 yarns per inch), such as about 63 yarns per cm (about 160 yarns per inch), whereas in a typical PET skirt the yarn spacing can be from about 85 yarns per cm (about 217 yarns per inch) to about 97 yarns per cm (about 247 yarns per inch). The oblique edges 86, 88 promote a uniform and even distribution of the fabric material along inner circumference of the frame during crimping so as to facilitate uniform crimping to the smallest possible diameter. Additionally, cutting diagonal sutures in a vertical manner may leave loose fringes along the cut edges. The oblique edges 86, 88 help minimize this from occurring.

In alternative embodiments, the skirt can be formed from woven elastic fibers that can stretch in the axial direction during crimping of the prosthetic valve. The warp and weft fibers can run perpendicularly and parallel to the upper and lower edges of the skirt, or alternatively, they can extend at angles between 0 and 90 degrees relative to the upper and lower edges of the skirt, as described above.

The inner skirt 16 can be sutured to the frame 12 at locations away from the suture line 154 so that the skirt can be more pliable in that area. This configuration can avoid stress concentrations at the suture line 154, which attaches the lower edges of the leaflets to the inner skirt 16.

As noted above, the leaflet structure 14 in the illustrated embodiment includes three flexible leaflets 41 (although a greater or a smaller number of leaflets can be used). Additional information regarding the leaflets, as well as additional information regarding skirt material, can be found, for example, in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/704,861, filed May 5, 2015, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The leaflets 41 can be secured to one another at their adjacent sides to form commissures 122 of the leaflet structure. A plurality of flexible connectors 124 (one of which is shown in FIG. 17) can be used to interconnect pairs of adjacent sides of the leaflets and to connect the leaflets to the commissure window frame portions 30 (FIG. 5).

FIG. 17 shows the adjacent sides of two leaflets 41 interconnected by a flexible connector 124. Three leaflets 41 can be secured to each other side-to-side using three flexible connectors 124, as shown in FIG. 18. Additional information regarding connecting the leaflets to each other, as well as connecting the leaflets to the frame, can be found, for example, in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0123529, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

As noted above, the inner skirt 16 can be used to assist in suturing the leaflet structure 14 to the frame. The inner skirt 16 can have an undulating temporary marking suture to guide the attachment of the lower edges of each leaflet 41. The inner skirt 16 itself can be sutured to the struts of the frame 12 using sutures 70, as noted above, before securing the leaflet structure 14 to the skirt 16. The struts that intersect the marking suture desirably are not attached to the inner skirt 16. This allows the inner skirt 16 to be more pliable in the areas not secured to the frame and minimizes stress concentrations along the suture line that secures the lower edges of the leaflets to the skirt. As noted above, when the skirt is secured to the frame, the fibers 78, 80 of the skirt (see FIG. 12) generally align with the angled struts of the frame to promote uniform crimping and expansion of the frame.

FIG. 19 shows one specific approach for securing the commissure portions 122 of the leaflet structure 14 to the commissure window frame portions 30 of the frame. In this approach, the flexible connector 124 (FIG. 18) securing two adjacent sides of two leaflets is folded widthwise and the upper tab portions 112 are folded downwardly against the flexible connector. Each upper tab portion 112 is creased lengthwise (vertically) to assume an L-shape having a first portion 142 folded against a surface of the leaflet and a second portion 144 folded against the connector 124. The second portion 144 can then be sutured to the connector 124 along a suture line 146. Next, the commissure tab assembly is inserted through the commissure window 20 of a corresponding window frame portion 30, and the folds outside of the window frame portion 30 can be sutured to second portions 144.

FIG. 19 also shows that the folded down upper tab portions 112 can form a double layer of leaflet material at the commissures. The first portions 142 of the upper tab portions 112 are positioned flat against layers of the two leaflets 41 forming the commissures, such that each commissure comprises four layers of leaflet material just inside of the window frames 30. This four-layered portion of the commissures can be more resistant to bending, or articulating, than the portion of the leaflets 41 just radially inward from the relatively more-rigid four-layered portion. This causes the leaflets 41 to articulate primarily at inner edges 143 of the folded-down first portions 142 in response to blood flowing through the prosthetic valve during operation within the body, as opposed to articulating about or proximal to the axial struts of the window frames 30. Because the leaflets articulate at a location spaced radially inwardly from the window frames 30, the leaflets can avoid contact with and damage from the frame. However, under high forces, the four layered portion of the commissures can splay apart about a longitudinal axis adjacent to the window frame 30, with each first portion 142 folding out against the respective second portion 144. For example, this can occur when the prosthetic valve 10 is compressed and mounted onto a delivery shaft, allowing for a smaller crimped diameter. The four-layered portion of the commissures can also splay apart about the longitudinal axis when the balloon catheter is inflated during expansion of the prosthetic valve, which can relieve some of the pressure on the commissures caused by the balloon, reducing potential damage to the commissures during expansion.

After all three commissure tab assemblies are secured to respective window frame portions 30, the lower edges of the leaflets 41 between the commissure tab assemblies can be sutured to the inner skirt 16. For example, as shown in FIG. 20, each leaflet 41 can be sutured to the inner skirt 16 along suture line 154 using, for example, Ethibond Excel® PET thread. The sutures can be in-and-out sutures extending through each leaflet 41, the inner skirt 16, and each reinforcing strip 72. Each leaflet 41 and respective reinforcing strip 72 can be sewn separately to the inner skirt 16. In this manner, the lower edges of the leaflets are secured to the frame 12 via the inner skirt 16. As shown in FIG. 20, the leaflets can be further secured to the skirt with blanket sutures 156 that extend through each reinforcing strip 72, leaflet 41 and the inner skirt 16 while looping around the edges of the reinforcing strips 72 and leaflets 41. The blanket sutures 156 can be formed from PTFE suture material. FIG. 21 shows a side view of the frame 12, leaflet structure 14 and the inner skirt 16 after securing the leaflet structure 14 and the inner skirt 16 to the frame 12 and the leaflet structure 14 to the inner skirt 16.

FIG. 22 shows another exemplary prosthetic heart valve 200 in an expanded configuration (e.g., when deployed in a patient). The prosthetic heart valve 200 of FIG. 22 can be the same as the prosthetic heart valve 10 of FIGS. 1-3 except that the outer skirt 18 of FIGS. 1-3 has been replaced by a sealing member 210 in FIG. 22. The prosthetic heart valve 200 can include a frame 12, a valvular structure 14, and an inner skirt 16, constructed in a manner similar to the prosthetic heart valve 10 of FIGS. 1-3. The prosthetic heart valve 200 can have an inflow end portion 215 and an outflow end portion 219 and can define an axial direction from the inflow end 215 to the outflow end 219. The sealing member 210 can be positioned annularly around an outer surface of the frame 12 and secured thereto.

The sealing member 210 desirably is sized and shaped to conform to the outer surface of the frame 12. In other words, the inner surface of the sealing member 210 can lie flat against the outer surface of the frame 12 and can form a snug fit with the outer surface of the frame.

In particular embodiments, the sealing member 210 is made from a material that can absorb blood, thus causing the sealing member 210 to expand as explained in further detail below. The sealing member 210 can be made from, for example, any of various fabrics that are woven, braided or knitted from various types of natural or synthetic fibers, including but not limited to PET fibers (e.g., Dacron), polyester fibers, or polyamide fibers, etc. In certain embodiments, the fabric can be a plush fabric (such as a velour, cloth or towel) having loops or piles of fibers or yarns. In other embodiments, the sealing member 210 can be made from any of various non-woven fabrics, such as felt. In still other embodiments, the sealing member 210 can be made from a sponge or foam material, such as polyurethane sponge. Other sealing members disclosed herein (including those shown in FIGS. 23-33) can be made from the same materials.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 22, the sealing member 210 has a zig-zag shape around the outer surface of the frame 12, wherein the sealing member 210 comprises a plurality of first angled portions 202 a having a first orientation with respect to the frame 12, a plurality of second angled portions 202 b having a second orientation with respect to the frame 12, a plurality of inflow apices 204 a where the first angled portions 202 a meet the second angled portions 202 b at a location near the inflow end 215, and a plurality of outflow apices 204 b where the first angled portions 202 a meet the second angled portions 202 b at a location relatively closer to the outflow end 219. The first orientation is such that the first angled portions 202 a are angled in a direction offset from the axial direction of the prosthetic heart valve 200 in a clockwise direction by an angle of less than 90 degrees. The second orientation is such that the second angled portions 202 b are angled in a direction offset from the axial direction of the prosthetic heart valve 200 in a counterclockwise direction by an angle of less than 90 degrees.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 22, the shape of the sealing member 210 is periodic around the surface of the frame 12. In some examples, the shape of the sealing member 210 can be sinusoidal or undulating around the surface of the frame 12. In some examples, the inflow apices 204 a and the outflow apices 204 b can comprise sharp points or angles such that there is an abrupt transition between the first angled portions 202 a and the second angled portions 202 b. In other examples, the inflow apices 204 a and the outflow apices 204 b can comprise rounded edges such that there is a gradual transition between the first angled portions 202 a and the second angled portions 202 b. In the illustrated example of FIG. 22, the sealing member 210 comprises one continuous piece of material. In other examples, the sealing member 210 can comprise multiple pieces of material attached together around the frame 12. The first angled portions 202 a and the second angled portions 202 b form an angle 206 between them. In the illustrated example of FIG. 22, the angle 206 is less than 90 degrees. In other examples, the angle 206 can be greater than or equal to 90 degrees.

In the illustrated example of FIG. 22, the inflow apices 204 a are aligned with vertical lines 172 of the frame 12 and the outflow apices 204 b are aligned with vertical lines 173. Alternatively, the inflow and outflow apices 204 a, 204 b can be aligned with any portion of the frame 12. In the illustrated example of FIG. 22, the sealing member 210 is secured to the frame 12 at the lowermost rows I and II of struts 22, 24. In other embodiments, the sealing member 210 can be secured to the frame 12 at struts 26, 28, and/or 32 over rows III, IV, and/or V. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 22, the sealing member 210 is secured to the frame 12 with sutures. Alternatively, the sealing member 210 can be secured to the frame 12 with adhesive and/or ultrasonic welding in addition to or in lieu of sutures.

The zig-zag shaped sealing member 210 gives the prosthetic heart valve 200 a relatively low crimped profile. That is, when the prosthetic heart valve 200 is crimped into a collapsed configuration, the angle 206 is reduced and the first and second angled portions 202 a, 202 b are positioned closer together than when the prosthetic heart valve 200 is in the expanded configuration without overlapping or bunching, which could potentially damage or impair the proper operation of the prosthetic heart valve 200.

The material of the sealing member 210 can absorb blood when the prosthetic heart valve 200 is implanted in a native valve of a patient and expanded to its expanded configuration. When the sealing member 210 absorbs blood, the material of the sealing member 210 expands. This expansion of the sealing member 210 can help seal any gaps between the prosthetic heart valve 200 and the native anatomy and help prevent perivalvular leakage.

FIG. 23 shows another exemplary prosthetic heart valve 300 in an expanded configuration (e.g., when deployed in a patient). Referring to FIG. 23, the prosthetic heart valve 300 is the same as the prosthetic heart valve 200 of FIG. 22 except that outer skirt 18 of FIGS. 1-3 is positioned and secured to an outer surface of the frame 12. The outer skirt 18 can be secured to the frame 12 in a similar manner as described with respect to the prosthetic heart valve 10 of FIGS. 1-3. The outer skirt 18 can be secured to the frame 12 and can be positioned around an outer surface of the sealing member 210. The outer skirt 18 can comprise openings 167 that can be aligned with the outflow apices 204 b as shown in FIG. 23. Alternatively, the openings 167 can be aligned with the inflow apices 204 a or the openings 167 can have any other orientation with respect to the inflow and outflow apices 204 a, 204 b.

When the prosthetic heart valve 300 is implanted in a native valve of a patient and expanded to its expanded configuration, antegrade blood can flow between the frame 12 and the outer skirt 18. Antegrade blood can also flow through the openings 167. This antegrade blood can be absorbed by the sealing member 210, which can expand and cause the outer skirt 18 to better seal any gaps between the prosthetic heart valve 300 and the native anatomy of the patient.

FIG. 24 shows another prosthetic heart valve 400 in an expanded configuration (e.g., when deployed in a patient). Referring to FIG. 24, the prosthetic heart valve 400 is the same as the prosthetic heart valve 300 of FIG. 23 except that outer skirt 18 is positioned between the frame 12 and the sealing member 210 and the sealing member 210 is positioned around and secured to an outer surface of the sealing member 18. The sealing member 210 can be secured to the outer skirt 18 with sutures. Alternatively, the sealing member 210 can be secured to the outer skirt 18 with adhesive and/or ultrasonic welding in addition to or in lieu of sutures. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 24, the openings 167 are aligned with the outflow apices 204 b. Alternatively, the openings 167 can be aligned with the inflow apices 204 a or the openings 167 can have any other orientation with respect to the inflow and outflow apices 204 a, 204 b.

When the prosthetic heart valve 400 is implanted in a native valve of a patient and expanded to its expanded configuration, antegrade blood can flow between the frame 12 and the outer skirt 18 and through the openings 167. In addition, antegrade blood can be absorbed by the sealing member 210, which can expand and cause the outer skirt 18 to help seal any gaps between the prosthetic heart valve 400 and the native anatomy of the patient.

FIG. 25 shows a flattened view of an outer skirt 500 prior to its attachment to a prosthetic heart valve. Referring to FIG. 25, the outer skirt 500 can comprise a first end portion 502 (i.e., the upper end portion as depicted in FIG. 25), a second end portion 504 (i.e., the lower end portion as depicted in FIG. 25), and an intermediate portion 506 disposed between the first and second end portions 502, 504. The first end portion 502 of the outer skirt 500 can include a plurality of alternating projections 508 and notches 510, or castellations. The intermediate portion 506 can include a sealing member 550 similar to sealing member 210 of FIGS. 22-24 secured thereto.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 25, the sealing member 550 has a zig-zag shape along the length of the intermediate portion 506 of the outer skirt 500 similar to the zig-zag shape of sealing member 210 of FIGS. 22-24. The sealing member 550 can comprise first angled portions 512 a, second angles portions 512 b, inflow apices 514 a, and outflow apices 514 b. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 25, the inflow apices 514 a are axially aligned with the notches 510 and the outflow apices 514 b are axially aligned with the projections 508. In some embodiments, the inflow apices 514 a can be axially aligned with the projections 508 and the outflow apices 514 b can be axially aligned with the notches 510. In other embodiments, the inflow and outflow apices 514 a, 514 b can have any other orientation with respect to the projections 508 and notches 510. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 25, the sealing member 550 is secured to the outer skirt 500 skirt with sutures. Alternatively, the sealing member 550 can be secured to the outer skirt 500 with adhesive and/or ultrasonic welding in addition to or in lieu of sutures.

FIG. 26 shows another exemplary prosthetic heart valve 600 in an expanded configuration (e.g., when deployed in a patient). Referring to FIG. 26, the prosthetic heart valve 600 is the same as prosthetic heart valve 10 of FIGS. 1-3 except that outer skirt 18 is replaced with the outer skirt 500 of FIG. 25. The outer skirt 18 can be secured to the frame 12 in a similar manner as described with respect to the prosthetic heart valve 10 of FIGS. 1-3. In the illustrated example of FIG. 26, the outer skirt 500 is positioned around an outer surface of the frame 12 and arranged such that the sealing member 550 is on the inside of the outer skirt 500 (i.e., the sealing member 550 is between the frame 12 and the skirt 500). In other embodiments, the outer skirt 500 can be arranged around the outer surface of the frame 12 such that the sealing member 550 is on the outside of the outer skirt 500. When the prosthetic heart valve 600 is implanted in a native valve of a patient and expanded to its expanded configuration, antegrade blood can flow between the frame 12 and the outer skirt 500. This antegrade blood can be absorbed by the sealing member 550, causing the sealing member 550 to expand and help the outer skirt 500 to seal any gaps between the prosthetic heart valve 600 and the native anatomy.

FIG. 27 shows a flattened view of an outer skirt 700 prior to its attachment to a prosthetic heart valve. Referring to FIG. 27, the outer skirt 700 can comprise a first end portion 702 (i.e., the upper end portion as depicted in FIG. 27), a second end portion 704 (i.e., the lower end portion as depicted in FIG. 25), and an intermediate portion 706 disposed between the first and second end portions 702, 704. The first end portion 702 of the outer skirt 700 can include a plurality of alternating projections 708 and notches 710, or castellations. The intermediate portion 706 can include a sealing member 750 similar to sealing member 200 of FIGS. 22-24 secured thereto.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 27, the sealing member 750 has a zig-zag shape along the length of the intermediate portion 706 of the outer skirt 700 similar to the zig-zag shape of sealing member 200 of FIGS. 22-24. The sealing member 750 can comprise first angled portions 712 a, second angles portions 712 b, inflow apices 714 a, and outflow apices 714 b. The sealing member 750 can further comprise a plurality of openings 720 in the intermediate portion 706. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 27, the openings 720 have a half oval shape. In other embodiments, the openings 720 can have a circular, teardrop, or any other shape. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 27, the openings 720 are axially aligned with the outflow apices 714 b and the projections 708. In some embodiments, the openings 720 can be axially aligned with the inflow apices 714 a and/or the notches 710. In other embodiments, the openings 720, the inflow and outflow apices 714 a, 714 b, the projections 708 and notches 710 can have any orientation with respect to each other. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 27, the sealing member 750 is secured to the outer skirt 700 skirt with sutures. Alternatively, the sealing member 750 can be secured to the outer skirt 700 with adhesive and/or ultrasonic welding in addition to or in lieu of sutures.

FIG. 28 shows another exemplary prosthetic heart valve 800 in an expanded configuration (e.g., when deployed in a patient). Referring to FIG. 28, the prosthetic heart valve 800 is the same as prosthetic heart valve 600 of FIG. 26 except that outer skirt 500 is replaced with the outer skirt 700 of FIG. 27. The outer skirt 700 can be secured to the frame 12 in a similar manner as described with respect to the prosthetic heart valve 600 of FIG. 26. In the illustrated example of FIG. 28, the outer skirt 700 is positioned around an outer surface of the frame 12 and arranged such that the sealing member 750 is on the inside of the outer skirt 700 (i.e., the sealing member 750 is in contact with the frame 12). In other embodiments, the outer skirt 700 can be positioned around the outer surface of the frame 12 such that the sealing member 750 is on the outside of the outer skirt 700. When the prosthetic heart valve 800 is implanted in a native valve of a patient and expanded to its expanded configuration, antegrade blood can flow between the frame 12 and the outer skirt 700 and through the openings 720. This antegrade blood can be absorbed by the sealing member 750, causing the sealing member 750 to expand and help the outer skirt 700 to seal any gaps between the prosthetic heart valve 800 and the native anatomy.

FIGS. 29-32 show other exemplary prosthetic heart valves. The prosthetic heart valves of FIGS. 29-32 can be the same as prosthetic heart valve 200 of FIG. 22 except with different sealing members replacing sealing member 210 of FIG. 22. FIG. 29 shows an exemplary prosthetic heart valve 900 having a sealing member 910 positioned annularly around frame 12 and being secured thereto in a similar manner that sealing member 210 is secured to the frame 12 in FIG. 22. The sealing member 910 has an axial span extending about from row I of struts to about row III of struts along the height of the frame 12, although the sealing member can be sized or shaped in other embodiments to extend over other portions of the frame.

The sealing member 910 desirably is sized and shaped to conform to the outer surface of the frame 12. In other words, the inner surface of the sealing member 910 can lie flat against the outer surface of the frame 12 and can form a snug fit with the outer surface of the frame.

The sealing member 910 can comprise one or more circumferentially extending rows of openings, such as a first row of a plurality of first openings 920 positioned annularly around the frame 12 and a second row of a plurality of second openings 930 positioned annularly around the frame 12. The sealing member 910 can be positioned such that the first openings 920 are positioned generally between rows I and II of the frame struts and the openings 930 are positioned generally between rows II and III of the frame struts, although the sealing member can be positioned at other locations on the frame in other embodiments. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 29, the first and second openings 920, 930 are axially offset from one another. Alternatively, the first and second openings 920, 930 can be axially aligned with each other.

In the illustrated embodiment, the first openings 920 are larger than the second openings 930. In other embodiments, the first openings 920 can be smaller than the second openings 930, or the same size as the second openings 930. In the illustrated embodiment, the first openings 920 are generally hexagonal in shape and the second openings 930 are diamond shaped. In other embodiments, the first and second openings can have any of various shapes, including, square, oval, circular, triangular, rectangular, or combinations thereof.

The sealing member 910 in the illustrated configuration has undulating inflow and outflow edges 932, 934, respectively. In alternative embodiments, one or more both of the inflow and outflow edges 932, 934 can be straight or can have various other configurations.

FIG. 30 shows an exemplary prosthetic heart valve 1000 having a sealing member 1010 positioned annularly around frame 12 and being secured thereto in a similar manner that sealing member 210 is secured to the frame 12 in FIG. 22. The sealing member 1010 has an axial span extending from about from row I of struts to about row II of struts along the frame 12. The sealing member 1010 has a plurality of circumferentially spaced openings 1020 positioned annularly around the frame 12. The sealing member 1010 can be positioned on the frame such that the openings are positioned generally between rows I and II of the frame struts as shown, although the sealing member can be positioned at other locations on the frame in other embodiments.

The sealing member 1010 desirably is sized and shaped to conform to the outer surface of the frame 12. In other words, the inner surface of the sealing member 1010 can lie flat against the outer surface of the frame 12 and can form a snug fit with the outer surface of the frame.

FIG. 31 shows an exemplary prosthetic heart valve 1100 having a sealing member 1110 positioned annularly around frame 12 and being secured thereto in a similar manner that sealing member 210 is secured to the frame 12 in FIG. 22. The sealing member 1110 in the illustrated embodiment comprises first angled or diagonally extending portions 1120 a and second angled or diagonally extending portions 1120 b forming a plurality of V or U-shaped projections. The sealing member 1110 can further include a plurality of straight connecting portions 1130 extending between and connecting adjacent pairs of V-shaped projections at the bases of first and second angled portions 1120 a, 1120 b.

The sealing member 1110 desirably is sized and shaped to conform to the outer surface of the frame 12. In other words, the inner surface of the sealing member 1110 can lie flat against the outer surface of the frame 12 and can form a snug fit with the outer surface of the frame.

FIG. 32 shows an exemplary prosthetic heart valve 1200 having a sealing member 1210 positioned annularly around frame 12 and being secured thereto in a similar manner that sealing member 210 is secured to the frame 12 in FIG. 22. The sealing member 1210 comprises first angled or diagonally extending portions 1220 a and second angled or diagonally extending portions 1220 b forming a plurality of V or U-shaped projections. The sealing member 1210 can further include a plurality of first connecting portions 1230 a extending between and connecting adjacent pairs of V-shaped projections at the bases of angled portions 1220 a, 1220 b, and a plurality of second connecting portions 1230 b extending between and connecting the angled portions 1220 a, 1220 b of each V-shaped projection. The second connecting portions 1230 b can be axially offset from the first connecting portions 1230 a as shown (e.g., the second connecting portions can be located farther from the inlet end of the frame than the first connecting portions). Alternatively, the connecting portions can be located the same distance from the ends of the frame. In other embodiments, the sealing member 1210 can have various other shapes.

The sealing member 1210 desirably is sized and shaped to conform to the outer surface of the frame 12. In other words, the inner surface of the sealing member 1210 can lie flat against the outer surface of the frame 12 and can form a snug fit with the outer surface of the frame.

FIG. 33 shows another exemplary prosthetic heart valve 1300 in an expanded configuration (e.g., when deployed in a patient). Referring to FIG. 33, the prosthetic heart valve 1300 comprises a frame 1312 and a valvular structure 1314. The valvular structure 1314 can include a plurality of leaflets 1316 that are connected to each other to form a plurality of commissures 1318 secured to the struts of the frame. The prosthetic heart valve 1300 can have an inflow end portion 1302 and an outflow end portion 1304. The prosthetic heart valve 1300 can also include an inner skirt 1330 secured to the inner surface of the frame. The frame 1312 can expand from a radially collapsed configuration to a radially expanded configuration in a manner similar to the frame 12 of FIGS. 1-3.

The sealing member 1310 desirably is sized and shaped to conform to the outer surface of the frame 12. In other words, the inner surface of the sealing member 1310 can lie flat against the outer surface of the frame 12 and can form a snug fit with the outer surface of the frame.

Additionally, the prosthetic heart valve 1300 in the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 33 further comprises a sealing member 1310 positioned annularly around an outer surface of the frame 12 and secured thereto. The sealing member 1310 can be made of a cloth material, a woven fabric, knitted fabric, plush fabric material (e.g., velour), or a towel material, or various other types of material as previously described. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 33, the sealing member 1310 has a scalloped or undulating shape around the outer surface of the frame 1312. The undulating shape of the sealing member 1310 helps minimize the overall crimp profile when the prosthetic heart valve is in a radially compressed state for delivery into a patient.

The sealing member 1310 in the illustrated embodiment comprises three U-shaped sections 1320 (two of which are visible in FIG. 33), with each section 1320 extending around or circumscribing the frame through an angle of about 120 degrees. The adjacent ends of adjacent sections 1320 meet at junctions 1322 that can be circumferentially aligned with corresponding commissures 1318. The U-shaped sections 1320 can be positioned on the frame so as to track or follow the shape of the inflow edges of the leaflets 1316 (which can have a scalloped shaped as shown in FIGS. 17-18). As shown, the inner skirt 1330 can be shaped to cover the openings in the frame 1312 only at locations below (upstream of) the commissures 1318 and between adjacent leaflets 1316. In this manner, the inner skirt 1330 need not cover openings in the frame 1312 above (downstream of) the inlet or cusp edges of the leaflets 1316, thereby minimizing the amount of material used to form the inner skirt, which can reduce the overall crimp profile. The inner skirt 1330 can have an undulating outflow edge that generally corresponds to the shape of the sealing member 1310 and the inlet edges of the leaflets 1316.

In alternative embodiments, the sealing member 1310 can be formed from more than three U-shaped sections 1320, each of which can circumscribe the frame through an angle less than 120 degrees

In particular embodiments, the sealing member 1310 can absorb blood when the prosthetic heart valve 1300 is implanted in a native valve of a patient and expanded to its expanded configuration. This can help seal any gaps between the prosthetic heart valve 1310 and the native anatomy. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 33, the sealing member 1310 is secured to the frame 1312 with sutures. Alternatively, the sealing member 1310 can be secured to the frame 1312 with adhesive and/or ultrasonic welding in addition to or in lieu of sutures.

It should be noted that, in some embodiments, the outer skirts 500, 700 can comprise creases similar to the creases 170 of the outer skirt 18. The creases can be configured to facilitate uniform crimping and/or expansion and/or to reduce the crimped radial profile of a prosthetic heart valve in compressed delivery configuration. In some embodiments, the creases can be formed by ultrasonic welding.

Any of the prosthetic valves 10, 200, 300, 400, 600, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, or 1300 can be configured for and mounted on a suitable delivery apparatus for implantation in a patient. Several catheter-based delivery apparatuses can be used; a non-limiting example of a suitable catheter-based delivery apparatus includes that disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0030519, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2012/0123529.

To implant a plastically-expandable prosthetic valve 200 or any of the other prosthetic valves disclosed herein within a patient, the prosthetic valve can be crimped on an elongated shaft 180 of a delivery apparatus, as best shown in FIG. 13. The prosthetic valve, together with the delivery apparatus, can form a delivery assembly for implanting the prosthetic valve 200 in a patient's body. The shaft 180 comprises an inflatable balloon 182 for expanding the prosthetic valve within the body. With the balloon 182 deflated, the prosthetic valve 200 can then be percutaneously delivered to a desired implantation location (e.g., a native aortic valve region). Once the prosthetic valve 200 is delivered to the implantation site (e.g., the native aortic valve) inside the body, the prosthetic valve 200 can be radially expanded to its functional state by inflating the balloon 182.

Alternatively, a self-expanding prosthetic valve 200 can be crimped to a radially collapsed configuration and restrained in the collapsed configuration by inserting the prosthetic valve 200 into a sheath or equivalent mechanism of a delivery catheter. The prosthetic valve 200 can then be percutaneously delivered to a desired implantation location. Once inside the body, the prosthetic valve 200 can be advanced from the delivery sheath, which allows the prosthetic valve to expand to its functional state.

FIGS. 34-36 and 39 show various implantation positions for a prosthetic heart valve 300, including implantation within a dock or anchor placed inside the patient's body prior to valve implantation. Alternatively, the prosthetic heart valve 300 of FIGS. 34-36 and 39 can be replaced with prosthetic heart valve 200, 400, 600, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, or 1300. FIG. 34 shows the prosthetic heart valve 300 implanted in the native aortic valve of a patient.

FIG. 35 shows the prosthetic heart valve 300 implanted in the pulmonary artery of a patient for replacing or enhancing the function of a diseased pulmonary valve. Due to the variations in the size and shape of the native pulmonary valve and the pulmonary artery, the prosthetic valve 300 can be implanted within a radially expandable outer docking device 1400. The docking device 1400 can comprise a radially expandable and compressible annular stent 1402 and a sealing member 1404 that covers all or a portion of the stent and can extend across the inner surface and/or outer surface of the stent. The docking device 1400 is configured to engage the inner wall of the pulmonary artery and can accommodate variations in patient anatomy. The docking device 1400 also can compensate for the expanded prosthetic heart valve 300 being much smaller than vessel in which it is placed. The docking device 1400 also can be used to support a prosthetic valve in other areas of the patient's anatomy, such as, the inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, or the aorta. Further details of the docking device 1400 and methods for implanting the docking device and a prosthetic valve are disclosed, for example, in co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 15/422,354, filed Feb. 1, 2017, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIG. 36 shows the prosthetic heart valve 300 implanted in the native mitral valve of a patient using a docking device in the form of a helical anchor 1500. The helical anchor 1500 can include one or more coils 1502 deployed in left atrium and one or more coils 1504 deployed in the left ventricle and radially outside of the native mitral valve leaflets 1506. When the prosthetic valve 300 is deployed within the native valve, the native leaflets are compressed or pinched between the prosthetic valve 300 and the anchor 1500 to retain the prosthetic valve in place. Further details of the helical anchor 1500 and methods for implanting the anchor and a prosthetic valve are disclosed, for example, in co-pending U.S. Application No. 62/395,940, filed Sep. 16, 2016, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIGS. 37 and 38 show a docking device 1600 for a prosthetic heart valve, according to another embodiment. The docking device 1600 can include a radially expandable and compressible frame 1602 having an outer portion 1604, an inner portion 1606 disposed coaxially within one end portion of the outer portion 1604, and a curved transition portion 1608 extending between and connecting the inner portion 1606 and the outer portion 1604. The docking device 1600 can further include a sealing member 1610 extending over the inner surface of the inner portion 1606, a portion of the outer surface of the outer portion 1604 adjacent the inner portion 1606, and the transition portion 1608.

FIG. 39 shows the docking device 1600 implanted in a vessel 1620, which can be, for example, the inferior vena cava, superior vena cava, or the ascending aorta. As shown, a prosthetic valve 300 can be deployed within the inner portion 1606 of the docking device 1600. Similar to the docking device 1400, the docking device 1600 can compensate for the expanded prosthetic heart valve 300 being much smaller than vessel in which it is placed. The docking device 1600 is particularly suited for implanting a prosthetic valve in the inferior vena cava for replacing or enhancing the function of the native tricuspid valve. Further details of the docking device 1600 and methods for implanting the docking device and a prosthetic valve are disclosed, for example, in co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 16/034,794, filed Jul. 13, 2018, which is incorporated herein by reference.

General Considerations

It should be understood that the disclosed prosthetic valves can be implanted in any of the native annuluses of the heart (e.g., the pulmonary, mitral, and tricuspid annuluses), and can be used with any of various approaches (e.g., retrograde, antegrade, transseptal, transventricular, transatrial, etc.). The disclosed prostheses can also be implanted in other lumens of the body.

For purposes of this description, certain aspects, advantages, and novel features of the embodiments of this disclosure are described herein. The disclosed methods, apparatus, and systems should not be construed as being limiting in any way. Instead, the present disclosure is directed toward all novel and nonobvious features and aspects of the various disclosed embodiments, alone and in various combinations and sub-combinations with one another. The methods, apparatus, and systems are not limited to any specific aspect or feature or combination thereof, nor do the disclosed embodiments require that any one or more specific advantages be present or problems be solved. For example, an outer sealing member for a prosthetic heart valve can include one or more features disclosed with respect to skirt 18, sealing member 210, sealing member skirt 500, skirt 700, sealing member 900, sealing member 1000, sealing member 1100, sealing member 1200, and/or sealing member 1300.

Although the operations of some of the disclosed embodiments are described in a particular, sequential order for convenient presentation, it should be understood that this manner of description encompasses rearrangement, unless a particular ordering is required by specific language set forth below. For example, operations described sequentially may in some cases be rearranged or performed concurrently. Moreover, for the sake of simplicity, the attached figures may not show the various ways in which the disclosed methods can be used in conjunction with other methods.

As used in this application and in the claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include the plural forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Additionally, the term “includes” means “comprises.”

As used herein, the term “and/or” used between the last two of a list of elements means any one or more of the listed elements. For example, the phrase “A, B, and/or C” means “A”, “B”, “C”, “A and B”, “A and C”, “B and C”, or “A, B, and C”.

As used herein, the term “proximal” refers to a position, direction, or portion of a device that is closer to the user and further away from the implantation site. As used herein, the term “distal” refers to a position, direction, or portion of a device that is further away from the user and closer to the implantation site. Thus, for example, proximal motion of a device is motion of the device toward the user, while distal motion of the device is motion of the device away from the user. The terms “longitudinal” and “axial” refer to an axis extending in the proximal and distal directions, unless otherwise expressly defined.

As used herein, the terms “coupled” and “associated” generally mean physically coupled or linked and does not exclude the presence of intermediate elements between the coupled or associated items absent specific contrary language.

As used herein, operations that occur “simultaneously” or “concurrently” occur generally at the same time as one another, although delays in the occurrence of one operation relative to the other due to, for example, spacing, play or backlash between components in a mechanical linkage such as threads, gears, etc., are expressly within the scope of the above terms, absent specific contrary language.

In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles disclosed herein may be applied, it should be recognized that the illustrated embodiments are only preferred examples and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the disclosure. Rather, the scope of the disclosure is at least as broad as the following claims. 

1. An implantable prosthetic valve comprising: an annular frame comprising an inflow end and an outflow end and being radially collapsible and expandable between a radially collapsed configuration and a radially expanded configuration; a leaflet structure positioned within the frame and secured thereto; an annular sealing member positioned around an outer surface of the frame, wherein the sealing member has a periodic, undulating shape; and an outer skirt positioned around an outer surface of the sealing member and secured to the frame.
 2. The prosthetic valve of claim 1, wherein the sealing member is secured directly to the frame.
 3. The prosthetic valve of claim 1, wherein the sealing member is secured to an inner surface of the outer skirt.
 4. The prosthetic valve of claim 1, wherein the sealing member has a zig-zag shape.
 5. The prosthetic valve of claim 1, wherein the sealing member comprises a plurality of first angled portions having a first orientation with respect to the frame and a plurality of second angled portions having a second orientation with respect to the frame, wherein each first angled portion is connected to a second angled portion at an apex such that there is an angle between each first angled portion and a connected second angled portion.
 6. The prosthetic valve of claim 5, wherein at least one of the apices has a relatively pointed edge.
 7. The prosthetic valve of claim 5, wherein at least one of the apices has a rounded edge.
 8. The prosthetic valve of claim 5, wherein the angle is less than 90 degrees.
 9. The prosthetic valve of claim 5, wherein the angle is greater than 90 degrees.
 10. The prosthetic valve of claim 5, wherein the angle is 90 degrees.
 11. The prosthetic valve of claim 1, wherein the outer skirt has a plurality of openings.
 12. The prosthetic valve of claim 11, wherein the openings are axially aligned with the apices.
 13. An implantable prosthetic valve comprising: an annular frame comprising an inflow end and an outflow end and being radially collapsible and expandable between a radially collapsed configuration and a radially expanded configuration; a leaflet structure positioned within the frame and secured thereto; an outer skirt positioned around an outer surface of the frame and secured thereto; and an annular sealing member positioned around an outer surface of the outer skirt and secured thereto.
 14. The prosthetic valve of claim 13, wherein the sealing member has a zig-zag shape.
 15. The prosthetic valve of claim 13, wherein the sealing member comprises a plurality of first angled portions having a first orientation with respect to the frame and a plurality of second angled portions having a second orientation with respect to the frame, wherein each first angled portion is connected to a second angled portion at an apex such that there is an angle between each first angled portion and a connected second angled portion.
 16. The prosthetic valve of claim 15, wherein at least one of the apices has a relatively pointed edge.
 17. The prosthetic valve of claim 15, wherein at least one of the apices has a rounded edge.
 18. The prosthetic valve of claim 15, wherein the angle is less than 90 degrees.
 19. The prosthetic valve of claim 15, wherein the angle is greater than 90 degrees.
 20. The prosthetic valve of claim 15, wherein the angle is 90 degrees.
 21. The prosthetic valve of claim 13, wherein the outer skirt has a plurality of openings.
 22. The prosthetic valve of claim 21, wherein the openings are axially aligned with the apices.
 23. An implantable prosthetic valve comprising: an annular frame comprising an inflow end and an outflow end and being radially collapsible and expandable between a radially collapsed configuration and a radially expanded configuration; a leaflet structure positioned within the frame and secured thereto; and an annular sealing member positioned around and conforming to an outer surface of the frame, wherein the sealing member has a plurality of openings.
 24. The prosthetic valve of claim 23, wherein the sealing member comprises a plurality of circumferentially extending rows of openings.
 25. The prosthetic valve of claim 24, wherein the sealing member comprises a first row of openings and a second row of openings that is axially offset from the first row of openings.
 26. The prosthetic valve of claim 24, wherein at least one of the openings has a hexagonal shape.
 27. The prosthetic valve of claim 24, wherein at least one of the openings has a diamond shape.
 28. An implantable prosthetic valve comprising: an annular frame comprising an inflow end and an outflow end and being radially collapsible and expandable between a radially collapsed configuration and a radially expanded configuration; a leaflet structure positioned within the frame and secured thereto; and an annular sealing member positioned around an outer surface of the frame, wherein the sealing member comprises a plurality of first angled portions and a plurality of second angled portions such that the first and second angled portions form a plurality of v-shaped projections.
 29. The prosthetic valve of claim 28, further comprising a plurality of straight first connecting portions extending between adjacent pairs of v-shaped projections at the bases of the first and second angled portions.
 30. The prosthetic valve of claim 29, further comprising a plurality of straight second connecting portions extending between the first and second angled portions of each v-shaped projection.
 31. The prosthetic valve of claim 30, wherein the second connecting portions are axially offset from the first connecting portions.
 32. An implantable prosthetic valve comprising: an annular frame comprising an inflow end and an outflow end and being radially collapsible and expandable between a radially collapsed configuration and a radially expanded configuration; a leaflet structure positioned within the frame and secured thereto; and an annular sealing member positioned around an outer surface of the frame, wherein the sealing member has an undulating shape comprising three u-shaped sections, wherein each u-shaped section circumscribes the frame through an angle of about 120 degrees.
 33. The prosthetic valve of claim 32, wherein the leaflet structure comprises three leaflets and the u-shaped sections follow the shape of the inflow edges of the leaflets. 